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''Miniopterus griveaudi'' is a bat in the genus ''Miniopterus'' found on Grande Comore and Anjouan in the Comoros and in northern and western Madagascar. First described in 1959 from Grande Comore as a subspecies of the mainland African ''M. minor'', it was later placed with the Malagasy ''M. manavi''. However, morphological and molecular studies published in 2008 and 2009 indicated that ''M. manavi'' as then defined contained five distinct, unrelated species, and ''M. griveaudi'' was redefined as a species occurring on both Madagascar and the Comoros. With a forearm length of , ''M. griveaudi'' is a small ''Miniopterus''. It is usually dark brown, but sometimes reddish. The tragus (a projection inside the ear) is narrow and ends in a rounded tip. The uropatagium (tail membrane) appears virtually naked. In the skull, the palate is concave and the rostrum (front part) is rounded. The species occurs up to above sea level on Madagascar, often in karstic areas. In the Comoros, it reaches and roosts in lava tubes as well as shallower caves. Females collected on Grande Comore in November were pregnant, but data on reproduction is limited and suggests individual and inter-island variation. ==Taxonomy== In 1959, David Harrison described a small ''Miniopterus'' from the island of Grande Comore as a subspecies, ''Miniopterus minor griveaudi'', of the mainland African species ''M. minor''. The name ''griveaudi'' honors Paul Griveaud, who collected the specimens on which Harrison based his description.〔Harrison, 1959, p. 192〕 This classification remained for the next few decades; in 1992, for example, Javier Juste and Carlos Ibáñez recognized five subspecies, including ''griveaudi'', within ''M. minor'', ranging from São Tomé to Madagascar.〔Juste and Ibáñez, 1992, table 2〕 In their 1995 review of Madagascar bats, Randolph Peterson and colleagues recognized the small Malagasy ''Miniopterus'' as a separate species, ''Miniopterus manavi'', with ''griveaudi'' as a subspecies.〔Peterson et al., 1995, pp. 120, 135〕 In 2007, Juste and colleagues re-examined the relationships of the ''M. minor'' group using DNA sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome ''b'' (cyt ''b'') gene.〔Juste et al., 2007, p. 30〕 They found that ''griveaudi'' from Grande Comoro, ''manavi'' from Madagascar, and ''M. minor newtoni'' (currently ''Miniopterus newtoni'') from São Tomé were not closely related;〔Juste et al., 2007, fig. 2〕 however, the representatives of "''manavi''" used in their study were misidentified specimens of ''M. majori''.〔Weyeneth et al., 2008, fig. 2, p. 5215〕 In another molecular study, published in 2008 and using both cyt ''b'' and mitochondrial D-loop sequences, Nicole Weyeneth and colleagues found that examined specimens of "''Miniopterus manavi''" actually grouped in two, distantly related clades—one including specimens from Madagascar, Anjouan, and Grande Comore, and the other occurring on Madagascar and Anjouan only.〔Weyeneth et al., 2008, p. 5205, fig. 2〕 The next year, Steven Goodman and colleagues further explored the relationships of the bats known as "''Miniopterus manavi''" using cyt ''b'' sequences and morphological comparisons. They found five species within "''M. manavi''", which are not each other's closest relatives, forming an example of convergent evolution.〔Goodman et al., 2009b, pp. 1–2〕 Up to four species of the group may occur in a single locality.〔Goodman et al., 2009b, table 7〕 ''Miniopterus griveaudi'', now recognized as a full species, was found to occur on Grande Comore, Anjouan, and northern and western Madagascar, and ''M. manavi'' was restricted to the eastern margin of Madagascar's Central Highlands. Three other species were newly described: ''Miniopterus aelleni'' on Anjouan and in northern and western Madagascar; ''Miniopterus brachytragos'' in northern and western Madagascar only; and ''Miniopterus mahafaliensis'' in southwestern Madagascar.〔Goodman et al., 2009b, pp. 1–2, 5–6〕 Cyt ''b'' sequences suggest that ''M. griveaudi'' occupies an isolated position among African and Malagasy ''Miniopterus''.〔Goodman et al., 2009a, fig. 2; 2009b, fig. 2〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Miniopterus griveaudi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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